KONSEP DAN TEORI ETIKA ~ VERSI KULIAH ONLINE

Introduction

This tutorial explores the concepts and theories of ethics as presented in the video by Dr. Fauzi. Understanding ethics is crucial as it guides human behavior in personal, social, professional, and spiritual contexts. This guide will break down the key points from the video, making the complex ideas of ethics accessible and actionable.

Step 1: Understand the Definition of Ethics

• Origin of the term: The word "ethics" originates from the Greek word "ethos," which relates to customs, character, and moral values.
• Relation to morals and behavior: Recognize that ethics is broader than morals (personal beliefs about right and wrong) and is more systematic than mere etiquette (social norms).

Step 2: Differentiate Between Ethics, Morality, Akhlak, and Etiquette

• Ethics: A systematic approach to determining right from wrong, often grounded in philosophical theories.
• Morality: Personal beliefs that guide individual behavior regarding right and wrong.
• Akhlak: Refers to the moral character in Islamic teachings, emphasizing virtuous behavior.
• Etiquette: Social rules and conventions governing polite behavior.

Step 3: Explore the Concept of Ethics in Islam

• Ma’ruf and Mungkar: Understand these concepts as the actions deemed good (ma’ruf) and bad (mungkar) within Islamic teachings.
• Purpose of Islamic ethics: To cultivate an individual’s character towards goodness and away from wrongdoing.

Step 4: Recognize the Purpose of Studying Ethics

• Personal development: The study of ethics aims to form individuals who actively engage in promoting good behaviors.
• Social responsibility: Ethics guides interactions within communities and professions, fostering a more responsible society.

Step 5: Understand the Types of Ethics

• Relative vs. Absolute Ethics:
  • Relative ethics suggests that moral principles can vary based on context.
  • Absolute ethics proposes that certain actions are universally right or wrong.
  • Examples: Discuss scenarios where a relative approach may be applicable versus those needing an absolute stance.

Step 6: Explore Major Ethical Theories

• Egoism: Focuses on self-interest as the foundation of morality.
• Utilitarianism: Advocates for actions that maximize happiness for the greatest number.
• Deontology: Emphasizes duties and rules; actions are right or wrong based on adherence to rules.
• Rights Theory: Centers on the rights of individuals and the moral implications of violating those rights.
• Virtue Ethics: Focuses on the character of the moral agent rather than on rules or consequences.
• Theonomic Ethics: Relates ethical principles to divine laws and religious teachings.

Conclusion

The study of ethics offers a framework for understanding human behavior across various contexts. By differentiating between ethics, morality, akhlak, and etiquette, and exploring both Islamic and philosophical perspectives, individuals can develop a clearer understanding of their values and actions. To further engage with ethics, consider applying these theories in real-world scenarios to enhance your moral reasoning and decision-making processes.