المباشر والغير مباشر في الانجليزي او الكلام المنقول Reported Speech | Direct and indirect

Introduction

This tutorial focuses on understanding reported speech in English, also known as direct and indirect speech. This topic is essential for anyone learning English, whether for academic purposes or day-to-day communication. Mastering reported speech will enhance your ability to communicate effectively in conversations and written forms, such as emails.

Step 1: Understanding Direct Speech

Direct speech is when you quote someone’s exact words. It is typically enclosed in quotation marks.

Key Points:

• Use quotation marks to indicate the spoken words.
• Example: She said, "I am going to the store."

Practical Advice:

• Pay attention to punctuation and capitalization.
• Ensure that the quote reflects the speaker's original words accurately.

Step 2: Converting to Reported Speech

Reported speech involves rephrasing what someone has said without quoting them directly. This often requires changes in verb tense and pronouns.

Key Steps for Conversion:

1. Change the Tense:

   • Present Simple changes to Past Simple.
   • Example: “I eat” becomes “He said he ate.”

2. Adjust Pronouns:

   • Change pronouns to match the perspective of the reporter.
   • Example: “I” becomes “he/she.”

3. Remove Quotation Marks:

   • Reported speech does not use quotation marks.

Practice Example:

• Direct: “I will finish my homework,” she said.
• Reported: She said that she would finish her homework.

Step 3: Common Tense Changes

Familiarize yourself with common tense changes when converting direct speech to reported speech.

Tense Change Table:

• Present Simple → Past Simple
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect
• Will → Would

Practical Tip:

Create a reference table or chart to help memorize these changes.

Step 4: Handling Questions and Requests

Reported speech changes when conveying questions or commands.

For Questions:

• Use "if" or "whether" for yes/no questions.
• Change the structure to a statement format.
• Example: “Are you coming?” becomes “He asked if I was coming.”

For Commands:

• Use the verb "to tell" or "to ask" followed by the infinitive form of the verb.
• Example: “Close the door,” she said. becomes “She told me to close the door.”

Step 5: Practice and Application

To master reported speech, practice is essential.

Suggested Activities:

• Rewrite sentences from direct to reported speech.
• Engage in conversations where you practice relaying what others have said.

Common Pitfalls to Avoid:

• Forgetting to change the tense.
• Not adjusting pronouns correctly.
• Using quotation marks in reported speech.

Conclusion

Understanding and using reported speech is a vital skill in English communication. By following the steps outlined in this tutorial, you can confidently convert direct speech into reported speech, improving both your speaking and writing abilities. For further practice, consider using online resources or exercises related to reported speech. Keep practicing, and you will see significant improvement in your English proficiency!